This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (1) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Chlebowy, D. O. Articles by Garvin, B. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Chlebowy, D. O. Articles by Garvin, B. J. Pubmed/NCBI databases Substance via MeSH Medline Plus Health Information Diabetes Social Bookmarking                   What's this?

Social Support, Self-efficacy, and Outcome Expectations

Impact on Self-care Behaviors and Glycemic Control in Caucasian and African American Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

From the University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington (Dr Chlebowy), and The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus (Dr Garvin).

Correspondence to Diane Orr Chlebowy, PhD, RN, University of Kentucky College of Nursing, 315 College of Nursing Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0232 (dochle0{at}email.uky.edu).

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of psychosocial variables (social support, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations) to diabetes self-care behaviors and glycemic control in Caucasian and African American adults with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Study participants were scheduled for outpatient visits at 1 of 3 clinical sites in the southeastern United States. All 91 participants completed 4 self-report measures: Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), Self-efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ), Outcome Expectancy Questionnaire (OEQ), and The Diabetes Activities Questionnaire (TDAQ) at the time of the clinic visit. Long-term glycemic control was assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin analyses at the time of the clinic visit. Pearson product–moment correlations were used to determine whether significant relationships existed between scores on the SSQ, SEQ, OEQ, and TDAQ and glycosylated hemoglobin values. Two-sample t tests were used to detect differences in scores on the self-report measures and glycosylated hemoglobin values between the 2 racial groups.

Results

In all participants, no significant relationships were found between (1) social support and self-care behaviors and (2) self-efficacy and self-care behaviors. Self-care behaviors were significantly, positively correlated with outcome expectancy scores for the total group and for African Americans. No significant relationships were found between (1) social support and glycemic control, (2) self-efficacy and glycemic control, and (3) outcome expectations and glycemic control. African Americans reported less social support satisfaction than Caucasians did.

Conclusions

Psychosocial variables investigated in this study were not related to health outcomes of type 2 diabetes. Caucasians and African Americans were similar in these variables. It is important to investigate the relationships between other variables (eg, age, duration of diabetes, education) and self-care behaviors and glycemic control. Although African Americans experience higher rates of diabetes-related complications than Caucasians do, this may possibly be due to other factors (eg, heredity, financial barriers, inadequate health care). Additional investigations to study the relationships of these variables to diabetes control are warranted.

The Diabetes Educator, Vol. 32, No. 5, 777-786 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0145721706291760


CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. M. Daly, A. J. Hartz, Y. Xu, B. T. Levy, P. A. James, M. L. Merchant, and R. E. Garrett An Assessment of Attitudes, Behaviors, and Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes J Am Board Fam Med, May 1, 2009; 22(3): 280 - 290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Pearce, M. M. Love, B. J. Shelton, N. E. Schoenberg, M. A. Williamson, M. A. Barron, and J. M. Houlihan Cardiovascular Risk Education and Social Support (CaRESS): Report of a Randomized Controlled Trial from the Kentucky Ambulatory Network (KAN) J Am Board Fam Med, July 1, 2008; 21(4): 269 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. S. Tang, M. B. Brown, M. M. Funnell, and R. M. Anderson Social Support, Quality of Life, and Self-Care Behaviors Among African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes The Diabetes Educator, March 1, 2008; 34(2): 266 - 276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]