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Type 1 Diabetes Among Adolescents

Reduced Diabetes Self-Care Caused by Social Fear and Fear of Hypoglycemia

From University of Melbourne, Department of Psychology, Melborne, Australia (Ms Di Battista); Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Hart), University of Missouri—Saint Louis, Department of Psychology, Saint Louis, Missouri (Dr Greco); and North York General Hospital, Diabetes Education Centre, Branson Site, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Ms Gloizer).

Correspondence to Ashley M. Di Battista, MA, Department of Psychology, School of Behavioural Science, 12th Floor, Redmond Barry Building. The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (e-mail: ashleydibattista{at}gmail.com).

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the association between social anxiety and adherence to diabetes self-care and quality of life and to determine the effects of fear of hypoglycemia on these associations in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. It is hypothesized that (1) social anxiety will be negatively associated with adherence and quality of life and (2) that fear of hypoglycemia will mediate this relationship. It is also hypothesized that (3) girls will have higher social anxiety than boys.

Methods

Adolescents with type 1 diabetes were recruited during clinic visits at 2 international centers. Participants answered a survey containing questionnaires on social anxiety, behavioral adherence to the diabetes self-care regimen, quality of life, fear of hypoglycemia, and last hemoglobin A1C results.

Results

Seventy-six adolescents (33 boys, 43 girls), mean age 15.9 (1.44) years, participated. Social anxiety levels are not statistically different between genders. In boys, social anxiety is associated with worse diet and insulin injection adherence; no associations are found in girls. Social anxiety is positively correlated with poor quality of life in both genders. Fear of hypoglycemia mediates the relationship between social anxiety and insulin adherence in boys.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that social anxiety, which is common in general populations of adolescents, may interfere with behavioral adherence and quality of life among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Screening and treatment of social anxiety may result in better adherence and increased quality of life.

This version was published on May 1, 2009

The Diabetes Educator, Vol. 35, No. 3, 465-475 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0145721709333492


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